Contents

• Introduction
• How To Compile
• Getting Started
  • What is an identifier ?
  • What about the underline ?
  • How this tutorial is written
  • A discussion of some of the files ccl.bat
• Getting started in C
  • Your first c program
  • A program that does something
  • Another program with more output
  • Lets print some numbers
  • How do we print numbers
  • How do we add comments in C
  • Good formatting style
  • Programming exercises
• Program Control
  • The while loop
  • The do-while loop
  • The for loop
  • The if statement
  • Now for the if-else
  • The switch statement
  • Finally, a meaningful program
  • Another poor programming example
  • Programming exercises
• Assignment and Logical compares
  • Integer assignment statements
  • Additional data types
  • Data type mixing
  • How to use the new data types
  • Lots of variable types
  • The conversion characters
  • Logical compares
  • More compares
  • Additional compare concepts
  • Logical evaluation
  • Precedence of operators
  • This is a trick, be careful
  • Potential problem areas
  • The cryptic part of C
  • The cryptic arithmetic operator
  • The conditional expression
  • To be cryptic or not to be cryptic
  • Programming exercises
• Functions, variables, and prototypes
  • Our first user defined function
  • Defining the functions
  • Passing a value to a function
  • More about passing a value to a function
  • Now to confess a little lie
  • Floating point functions
  • There is a bug in the first version of Turbo C
  • Scope of variables
  • More on "automatic" variables
  • What are static variables?
  • Using the same name again
  • What is a register variable?
  • Where do i define variables?
  • What is prototyping?
  • Standard function libraries
  • What is recursion ?
  • What did it do ?
  • Another example of recursion
  • How to work around the Turbo C (v1.0) bug
  • Programming exercises
• Defines and Macros
  • Defines and macros are aids to clear programming
  • Is this really useful ?
  • What is a macro ?
  • Lets look at a wrong macro
  • What is an enumeration variable ?
  • Programming exercises
• Strings and Arrays
  • What is a string ?
  • What is an array ?
  • How do we use the string ?
  • Outputting part of a string
  • Some string subroutines
  • Alphabetical sorting of strings
  • Combining strings
  • An array of integers
  • An array of floating point data
  • Getting data back from a function
  • Arrays pass data both ways
  • A hint at a future lesson
  • Multiply dimensioned arrays
  • Programming exercises
• Pointers
  • What is a pointer ?
  • Another pointer
  • There is only one variable
  • How do you declare a pointer ?
  • The second program with pointers
  • A string variable is actually a pointer
  • Pointer arithmetic
  • Function data return with a pointer
  • Pointers are valuable
  • Programming exercises
• Standard Input/Output
  • The stdio.h header file
  • Input/output operations in c
  • Other include files
  • Back to the file named "simpleio.c"
  • Dos is helping us out (or getting in the way)
  • Another strange I/O method
  • Now we need a line feed
  • Now to read in some integers
  • Character string input
  • Input/Output programming in C
  • In memory I/O
  • Is that really useful ?
  • Standard error output
  • What about the exit(4) statement?
  • Programming exercise
• File Input/Output
  • Output to a file
  • Opening a file
  • Reading ("r")
  • Writing ("w")
  • Outputting to the file
  • Closing a file
  • The "putc" function
  • Reading a file
  • Caution Caution Caution
  • Reading a word at a time
  • This is a problem
  • Finally, we read a full line
  • How to use a variable filename
  • How do we print ?
  • Programming exercises
• Structures and Unions
  • What is a structure ?
  • A single compound variable
  • Assigning values to the variables
  • How do we use the resulting data ?
  • An array of structures
  • A recent upgrade to the C language
  • We finally display all of the results
  • Using pointers and structures together
  • Pointer arithmetic
  • Nested and named structures
  • Two more variables
  • How to use some of the fields
  • More about structures
  • What are unions ?
  • Another union example
  • A new concept, the typedef
  • What do we have now ?
  • What is a bitfield ?
  • What is the bitfield good for ?
  • Programming exercises
• Dynamic Allocation
  • What is dynamic allocation ?
  • Dynamic variable creation
  • What is a heap ?
  • More about segments
  • Back to the "malloc" function
  • What is a cast ?
  • Getting rid of the dynamically allocated data
  • That was a lot of discussion
  • An array of pointers
  • A linked list
  • The data definitions
  • The first field
  • Filling additional structures
  • Printing the data out
  • More about dynamic allocation and linked lists
  • Another new function - calloc
  • Programming exercises
• Character and Bit Manipulation
  • Upper and lower case
  • Classification of characters
  • The logical functions
  • The shift instructions
• Example Programs
  • Why this chapter ?
  • dosex.c - The DOS Example Program
  • whatnext.c - The Batch File Interrogator
  • list.c - The Program Lister
  • vc.c - The Visual Calculator
• About this document ...

CORONADO ENTERPRISES C TUTOR - Ver 2.00

This documentation and the accompanying software, including all of the example C programs and text files, are protected under United States copyright law to protect them from unauthorized commercialization. This entire tutorial is distributed under the "Freeware" concept which means that you are not required to pay for it. You are permitted to copy the disks in their entirety and pass them on to a friend or aquaintance. In fact, you are encouraged to do so. You are permitted to charge a small fee to cover the mechanical costs of duplication, but the software itself must be distributed free of charge, and in its entirety.

If you find the tutorial and the accompanying example programs useful, you may, if you desire, pay a small fee to the author to help compensate him for his time and expense in writing it. A payment of $10.00 is suggested as reasonable and sufficient. If you don't feel the tutorial was worth this amount, please do not make any payment, but feel free to send in the questionnaire anyway.

Whether or not you send any payment, feel free to write to Coronado Enterprises and ask for the latest list of available tutorials and a list of the known Public Domain libraries that can supply you with this software for the price of copying. Please enclose a self addressed stamped envelope, business size preferred, for a copy of the latest information. See the accompanying "READ.ME" file on the disk for more information.

I have no facilities for telephone support of this tutorial and have no plans to institute such. If you find any problems, or if you have any suggestions, please write to me at the address below.

Gordon Dodrill - Nov 21, 1987

Copyright (c) 1987, Coronado Enterprises
Coronado Enterprises
12501 Coronado Ave NE
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87122